QUOTE(Beigbeder @ 2008 01 30, 18:19)
Manau 
kad ne tuos tuos tyrimus cia man persi. As kalbejau apie tai, kad nieks neirode, ar gimstama ar tampama homoseksualu.
Va kai atsiras tvirtu irodymu, kad tik gimstama, o ne tampama...tada ir diskusija bus aiski, leisti ar neleisti jiems isivaikinti. Visi taskai bus sudeti ant "i"
Jeigu tvirtini kad homosexualus tevai tikrai isaugins homosexualius vaikus - kaip paaiskintum situacija, kai arsiai heterosexualioje seimoje uzauga homosexualus vaikas? Nuo vaikystes rengia leles, etc.
Vienas is irodymu:
The Times July 12, 2005
Cover story
Born gay or made gay: which camp are you in?
Anjana Ahuja
THERE ARE people who can cure you of your sexual orientation. If you are a woman, your eyes will no longer linger on tall, dark, musclebound Lotharios. If you are a man, your heart will no longer flutter at the sight of a plunging cleavage or a smooth thigh instead it will thump into action at the glimpse of a broad, taut torso or a neatly trimmed moustache.
To at least 96 per cent of readers the heterosexuals the idea that we can be persuaded to change something as fundamental as sexual orientation seems ridiculous. So it is to homosexuals, who make up the remaining 4 per cent and who are often told that their deviant behaviour is a lifestyle choice.
Science has so far trodden carefully in the controversial debate about whether gays are born or made. Disparate pieces of evidence such as homosexuality running in families, and identical twins having more similar sexual preferences than ordinary siblings have long suggested that biology rather than upbringing shapes sexual preference. Now two researchers are throwing out the caveats in an attempt to out the bald scientific truth: we are born either straight or gay and nothing can be done to make us otherwise.
In Born Gay, Dr Glenn Wilson, reader in personality at the Institute of Psychiatry in London, and Dr Qazi Rahman, a psychobiologist at the University of East London, declare that
the accumulation of evidence from independent laboratories across the world has shown that the biological differences between gay and straight people cannot be ignored . . . our sexual preference is a fundamental and immutable component of our human nature. Wilson and Rahman s account goes beyond whether there is a gay gene there is no single gay gene but genes do contribute and considers the effect of sex hormones to which foetuses are exposed in the womb.
The boldly titled book says the
research leaves absolutely no room for parental or societal influence on this intimate trait. Children cannot be seduced or otherwise led into homosexuality which makes a nonsense of Clause 28, the law banning the promotion of homosexuality and, however overbearing the mother or absent the father, no amount of poor parenting can waylay a child born to walk the path of heterosexuality. No serious, evidence-based scientist, they charge, would deny that sexual orientation is fixed at birth. The authors also speculate that we face an evolutionary future in which homosexuals become more prevalent. The genes that are implicated in gayness do not just influence sexual orientation in low doses, they might confer personality advantages to heterosexual men (such as making them loyal, empathic and considerate), turning them into attractive mates and thus propagating those genes further.
Rahman says that his view of corrective therapies designed to turn gay men straight is simple they will never work: You just cant do it. If people suggest they can, I ask them, Can you turn someone from straight to gay? Show me the evidence. But its never going to happen, is it?
Andy Forrest, communications officer for Stonewall, a charity that campaigns for gay equality, says the books central message rings true for most gays. Most people Ive come across say theyve always been gay and that their upbringing has played no part in whether they are gay or not. They would say its an innate part of who they are, not something they need to be cured of.
According to Wilson and Rahman, the biological origin of sexual orientation means that discriminating against gays and lesbians is as justifiable as discriminating on the basis of eye colour or ethnicity. The authors have declined to reveal their own sexual orientation.
So, why are some men born gay? Homosexuality tends to run in families, which has prompted a search for the so-called gay gene.
Last month, biologists in Austria discovered that fruit flies can be turned gay by altering a single gene. It is almost impossible that a single gene determining human sexual orientation exists: identical twins, who have identical genes, do not always have the same sexual preferences. But it does point to genetic influence. Gay men tend to have more gay brothers than straight men, Rahman says. Heritability is thought to be around 30 to 40 per cent, which means that around 30 to 40 per cent of the variation in homosexuality is down to genes. Strictly speaking, its better than zero (which would imply no role for genes) but that shows theres significant environmental variance.
And this, Rahman says, is where a massive misunderstanding of the concept of environment comes into play.
Studies have shown that the popular idea of environment parental upbringing, peer norms, the family home, schooling have no effect whatsoever. For example, the psychoanalytical idea that distant fathers or overbearing mothers sabotage their sons sexual development is not borne out by evidence. Wilson and Rahman dismiss such theories as beyond the pale of science. In conversation, Rahman is more brutal, dismissing 95 per cent of psychology as rubbish.
Initial sexual experiences do not appear influential one study showed that boys educated at single-sex boarding schools, where early same-sex experiences are relatively commonplace, are no more likely to become gay than other boys. What about the seduction hypothesis? Men who, as boys, had gay encounters with older men have reported that they already knew they were gay before the encounter. Adopted children of gay and lesbian parents are predominantly heterosexual. The missing environmental link, the authors argue, is the womb. This would fit with findings in the early Nineties that the brains of gay and straight men differ slightly. Rahman explains: We argue that genes produce differences in the brains of pre-straight and pre-gay foetuses and those differences might affect certain receptors in the brain that influence the activity of male sex hormones.
Put simply, Wilson and Rahman suspect that some male foetuses absorb low amounts of testosterone in certain parts of the brain; full absorption is needed for full masculinisation. In a foetus which has a genetic predisposition to be gay, these receptors are not as effective at soaking up testosterone. The result is that this slightly insensitive part of the brain follows the default development route, which is female.
In other words,
the neural circuit that promotes sexual desire towards women is never laid down; the result is a male who is attracted to other men. This also explains, the authors claim, why gay men show a mosaic of female-like and male-like cognitive traits. In their handling of language and in their spatial awareness, for example, gay men are more similar to women than to heterosexual men. As Rahman puts it, this makes gayness just one item in a package of traits that are hewn in the womb. In 2003 he showed that the startle response how people respond to sudden noises was different in gay and straight men. As this response is instinctive and cannot be learnt, it was viewed as further evidence that gay and straight men are neurologically different.
Why should some male foetuses absorb less testosterone than others? They might produce less in the first place, but this deficiency would also have a genetic origin. It is possible, the researchers say, that there is a chemical battle between the mother and her foetus, much like the clash of blood types that can cause a mother to develop antibodies to her unborn child. The antibodies can stay in the blood and threaten future pregnancies. The idea that the womb environment may have consequences for future siblings is interesting because researchers have noted a sibling pattern among gay men, called the big brother effect. The more older brothers a man has, the more likely he is to be gay. It is possible that maternal antibodies developed in early pregnancies may cross the placenta in later pregnancies to disrupt testosterone absorption.
Lesbianism may also be due to hormonal conditions in the womb (although scientists stress that lesbianism cannot always be examined as a direct parallel of male homosexuality there is no big sister effect, for example). Theres a protein in the womb that protects female foetuses from excessive exposure to male sex hormones, Rahman says. Perhaps this protein doesnt kick in early enough in lesbians. Some brain circuits then follow the male development; a sexual preference for women may be a consequence. Lesbians show more male-like language production, which strengthens the theory of neural sexual mosaicism first put forward by the Canadian neuroscientist Sandra Witelson. As for bisexuality, there is no biological evidence that some people are turned on equally by both sexes. Physiological studies show that self-declared bisexuals exposed to straight and gay erotica are aroused by either one or the other but not both. Academics suggest that bisexuals may be omnisexuals with libidos so high that the gender of the target doesnt matter.
Homosexuality does not promote reproduction (for every gay father, there are between five and ten straight fathers). So why havent the relevant genes vanished from the human gene pool? The most obvious scientific explanation is that genes implicated in homosexuality lets call them gay genes, for short, although they dont necessarily make their carriers gay offered some other evolutionary advantage in our past. Geneticists know this kind of biological trade-off happens elsewhere on the double helix the gene that predisposes African and Asian populations to sickle-cell anaemia also protects them from malaria. The benefit doesnt necessarily accrue to the carrier but to relatives. One suggestion is that, on the ancestral plains, same-sex social bonding for both men and women was necessary to reduce aggression within societies and encourage the sharing of resources. Bonobos, the closest primate species to humans, engage in homosexual behaviour for social purposes. Genes promoting same-sex bonds became favoured homosexuality is an unusual but tolerable evolutionary consequence, because the sharing of resources promoted by the gay genes enabled the reproduction rate to remain high.
A study at the University of Padua found that the female relatives of gay men have more children than the female relatives of straight men the implication is that the genetic package responsible for male homosexuality may enhance the fertility of female relatives, or improve the quality of child-rearing in the household.
Another intriguing theory is that gay genes feminise men just enough to make them attractive as potential fathers. You have these very nice heterosexual men who are gay-enabled, who have a low dose of the gay gene, Rahman says. It might make them more committed, more empathic, more charming and more attractive to women. The benefits of having empathic men would stop gay genes being weeded out of the gene pool and thus maintain a gay population.
In fact, Rahman suggests, modern women may be altering their ideal of the perfect partner enough to influence evolution: These days, women may not want these big guys to protect them theyre not necessarily looking for the macho type. We might even see homosexuality go up. Its an idea that Glenn and I have talked about. Theres no reason to think that evolution wont change the goalposts evolution changes us all the time.
Siaip labai idomus straipsnis. Siulau perskaityt.
Papildyta:
Jeigu labai tingint skaityt - cia trumpesne santrumpa is The Independent.
Sexuality is determined well before birth and is not the result of social influences, scientists will claim this week. The authors of a new book published on Thursday say that
sexual orientation is decided by a mixture of genetic factors and hormonal activity in the womb - and that homosexuality cannot be "cured".
Born Gay by Dr Glenn Wilson of the Institute of Psychiatry and Dr Qazi Rahman of the University of East London has been welcomed by gay rights activists, who say it proves there is nothing "unnatural" about homosexuality. But the book has also been criticised for suggesting that men who see themselves as bisexual should be classed as gay.
Born Gay
summarises the latest research into the psychobiology of sex orientation, concluding that studies with twins show that around 30 to 50 per cent of sexual orientation is due to genes. The rest is the result of processes in the womb.
The genes involved in sexual orientation produce receptors in the brain which absorb male hormones released by the developing baby's testicles. It is thought that in gay men these receptors are less sensitive or are blocked. The absence of testosterone results in the brain developing certain female characteristics, including attraction to men.
It is also believed that the unabsorbed testosterone affects the body's extremities. This would explain, Dr Rahman said, why the finger lengths of adult gay men tended to be more male-like than those of heterosexual men, in that their index fingers are significantly shorter than their ring finger. (Women's index and ring fingers tend to be of equal length.)
The hormone may also be responsible for increasing the size of the penis, another extremity. A number of studies have shown that gay men are better endowed than heterosexual men.
The scientists also claim that true bisexual men are extremely rare. Studies showed that heterosexual men respond to lesbian pornography, but not to gay pornography. "What's interesting is that bisexual men do not respond to both type of stimuli. Almost 95 per cent of bisexual men respond exclusively to gay stimuli," said Dr Rahman.
According to the researchers, there is much evidence to contradict claims that homosexuality is caused by social factors, such as seduction, or that it can be learnt. "Showing that homosexuality is not due to learning, or seduction, or smothering mothers has very clear implications for social policies," Dr Rahman added. "Clause 28 emphasised the notion that homosexuality should not be talked about because that might encourage young people to experiment."
Ar siulai visai ivaikinima uzdraust? 
todel ir klausiu. nes kazkas teigia, kad jeigu vaikai gyvens homo seimoje, tai ir patys bus homo.
tai va , kad nieks nezino...jeigu jais butu gimstama, sakyciau tada gyvenimas tokioje seimoje vaikui darytu tiek zalos, kiek visuomene nepalanki ir netolerantiska tokiems atvejams, bet jei tampama? 
